Abbot, Katharine Mixer. Old Paths and Legends of the New England Border; Connecticut, Deerfield, Berkshires. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons, 1907.
Abel, J. C. “Women Photographers and Their Work,” Delineator (1901): 58.
Adams, C. “Photo Art among the Studios,” Philadelphia Photographer (1883): 20.
Armer, Laura Adams. “The Picture Possibilities of Photography,” Overland Monthly (1900): 35.
Albin O. Kuhn Library & Gallery. Fields of Vision: Women in Photography. Baltimore: University of Maryland Press, 1995.
Alland, Alexander. Jessie Tarbox Beals, First Woman News Photographer. New York: Camera/Graphic Press, 1978.
Anderson, Eric A. and Alexander A. Moss. (1999). Dangerous Donations: Northern Philanthropy and Southern Black Education, 1902-1930. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press, 1999.
Anderson, James D. The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860-1935. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1988.
Armstrong, Samuel Chapman. The Founding of the Hampton Institute. Boston: Directors of the Old South Work, 1904.
Barnes, Catharine Weed. “Why Ladies Should be Admitted to Membership in Photographic Societies,” American Amateur Photographer (1889).
---. “Women as Photographers,” American Amateur Photographer (1891): 111.
Berch, Bettina. The Woman Behind the Lens: The Life and Work of Frances Benjamin Johnston, 1864-1952. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000.
Biren, Joan E. Seeing Women: One Hundred Years of Women's Photography. Trumansburg, NY: Crossing Press, 1983.
Bisland, M. “Women and Their Cameras,” Outing (1890): 17.
Breck, Henrietta S. “California Women and Artistic Photography,” Overland Monthly (1904): 43.
Brown, Julie K. Contesting Images: Photography and the World’s Columbian Exposition. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994.
---. Making Culture Visible: The Public Display of Photography at Fairs,Eexpositions, and Exhibitions in the United States, 1847-1900. Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 2002.
---. “Recovering Representations: U. S. Government Photographers at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago 1893,” Quarterly of the National Archives and Records Administration 29.3 (1997): 219-32.
Buckwalter, Margaret R., ed. Alice Austin: Commemorative Journal. Staten Island, NY: s.n., 1986.
Bunnell, Peter C., ed.A Photographic Vision: Pictorial Photography, 1889-1923. Salt Lake City, UT: Peregrine Smith, 1980.
Butler, Nicholas Murray, ed. Education in the United States: Prepared for the United States Exhibit at the Paris Exposition, 1900. New York: Arno Press, 1969.
Butler, Susan. “So How Do I Look? Women Before and Behind the Camera,” Photo Communiqué (1987).
Caffin, Charles. Photography as a Fine Art. New York City: Doubleday, Page & Co., 1901.
Corn, Wanda. The Color of Mood: American Tonalism 1880-1910. San Francisco: M.H. De Young
Memorial Museum and The California Palace of the Legion of Honor, 1972.
Crane, F. W. “American Women Photographers,” Munsey's Magazine (1894): 2.
Daniel, Pete and Raymond Smock. A Talent for Detail: The Photographs of Miss Frances Benjamin Johnston, 1889-1910. New York: Harmony, 1974.
Davidov, Judith Fryer. Women’s Camera Work: Self/Body/Other in American Visual Culture. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1998.
Doherty, A. “Frances Benjamin Johnston, 1864-1952,” History of Photography 4:2 (1980): 97-111.
Doherty, A. S. “Women in Focus: Early American Women Photographers,” Picturescope (1893): 31.
Doty, Robert M. Photo-Secession: Photography as a Fine Art. Rochester, NY: George Eastman House, 1960.
Drysdale, William. Helps for Ambitious Girls. New York: T. Y. Crowell, 1900.
Du Bois, W. E. B. “The American Negro at Paris,” American Monthly Review of Reviews 22.5 (1900): 575-77.
Dunbar, Paul Laurence. Candle-Lightin’ Time. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1901.
Edgerton, Giles. “Is There a Sex Distinction in Art? The Attitude of the Critic towards Women's Exhibits,” Craftsman (1908): 14.
“Editorial Department: Women Photographers,” Photo Era:The American Journal of Photography (1904): 12.
Education of the Colored Race. Washington, DC: United States Bureau of Education, 1899.
Engs, Robert Francis. Educating the Disfranchised and Disinherited: Samuel Chapman Armstrong and the Hampton Institute, 1839-1893. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1999.
Fairclough, Adam. Teaching Equality: Black Schools in the Age of Jim Crow. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press, 2001.
Federal Writers Project Staff. A Classified Catalogue of the Negro Collection in the Collis P. Huntington Library, Hampton Institute. Hampton, VA: Hampton Institute, 1940.
Felix, F. “Young Women and Photography,” American Amateur Photographer (1896): 8.
Fischer, Diane Pietrucha, ed. Paris 1900: The “American School” at the Universal Exposition. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1999.
Flynt, Suzanne L. The Allen Sisters: Pictoral Photographers 1885-1920. Deerfield, Massachusetts: Pocumtuck Valley Memorial Association, 2002.
Glenn, Constance and Leland Rice. Frances Benjamin Johnston: Women of Class and Station. Long Beach: California State University Art Museum, 1979.
Gomez, Jewelle. “Showing Our Faces: A Century of Black Women Photographed,” Ten (1988): 8.
Gover, Jane C. The Positive Image: Women Photographers in Turn of the Century America. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.
Green, Jonathan. Camera Work: A Critical Anthology. Millerton, NY: Aperture, 1973.
Griffin, J., F. T. Rony, and N. H. Margolis, eds. Personal Narrative: Women Photographers of Color. Winston-Salem, NC: Southeastern Center for Contemporary Art, 1993.
Griffith, Bronwyn A. E., ed. Ambassadors of Progress: American Women Photographers in Paris 1900-1901. France: Musée d’Art Américain Giverney with the Library of Congress, Washington, D.C., 2003.
Gwaltney, Janet M., ed. The Carnegie Survey of the Architecture of the South, 1927-1943. Teaneck, NJ: Chadwyck-Healey, 1985.
Hales, Peter Bacon. Silver Cities: The Photography of American Urbanization, 1839-1915. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1984.
Harris, Neil, W. DeWit, J. Gilbert, R. W. Rydell, and Chicago Historical Society. Grand Illusions: Chicago World’s Fair of 1893. Chicago: Chicago Historical Society, 1993.
Harris, Robert L., and R. C. Schneider, eds. African American History in the Press, 1851-1899: From the Coming of the Civil War to the Rise of Jim Crow as Reported and Illustrated in Selected Newspapers of the Time. Detroit: Thomson Gale Press, 1996.
Heron, Liz and Val Williams, eds. Illuminations: Women Writing on Photography from the 1850s to the Present. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1996.
Hines Jr., R. “Women and Photography,” American Amateur Photographer (1899): 11.
---. “A Woman Worth Knowing,” The New York Recorder (1891).
“How Women Won Fame in Photography,” Wilson's Photographic Magazine (1914).
Hughes, Jabez. “Photography as an Industrial Occupation for Women,” Anthony's Photographic Bulletin (1873).
Humphrey, M. “Triumphs of Amateur Photography—Mrs. N. Gray Bartlett,” Godey's Lady’s Book (1898): 136.
Jenkins, C. L. “‘The Latest Style Pictures Handsomely Executed’: A Glimpse of Victorian Photography, with Early Kansas References,” Nineteenth Century 2000 20:2 (fall 2003): 3-17.
Johnson, C. A. “Miss Virginia Prall and Her Work,” Photographic Times (1901): 33.
Johnson, Drew Heath, ed. Capturing Light: Masterpieces of California Photography, 1850 to the Present. Oakland: Oakland Museum of California, 2001.
Johnston, Frances Benjamin. “A Day at Niagara,” Demorest’s (August 1893).
---. “The Evolution of the Great Exposition,” Demorest’s (April 1892).
---. “The Foreign Legations at Washington,” Demorest’s (April-July 1893).
---. The Hampton Album. New York: Museum of Modern Art, 1966.
---. “Monmouth Cave by Flashlight,” Demorest’s (June 1892).
---. “The New Tenants at the White House,” Ladies’ Home Journal (October 1897).
---. “Students in the Art of War,” Illustrated American (June 1894).
---. “Small White House Orchids,” Demorest’s (June 1895).
---. “Through the Coal Mines with a Camera,” Demorest’s (March 1892).
---. “Uncle Sam as Stamp Maker,” Harper’s Round Table (June 1895).
---. “Uncle Sam’s Money,” Demorest’s (Dec-Jan 1889-1890).
---. “What a Woman Can Do with a Camera,” Ladies Home Journal (September 1897).
---. “The White House,” Demorest’s (May-Jun 1890).
---. The White House. Washington, DC: Gibson Brothers Printers, 1893.
Knight, Kate Brannon. History of the Works of Connecticut Women at the World’s Columbian Exposition, Chicago, 1893. Hartford, CT: Hartford Press, 1898.
Kreisel, Martha. American Women Photographers: A Selected and Annotated Bibliography. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1999.
Lewis, Morris. “Paris and the International Exposition,” Colored American Magazine 5 (1900): 291-95.
Lindsey, D. F. Indians at the Hampton Institute, 1877-1923. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1995.
Lyons, Nathan. Photography in the Twentieth Century. New York: Horizon Press, in collaboration with
George Eastman House, 1967.
Mandell, Richard D. Paris 1900: The Great World’s Fair. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1967.
Mann, Marjorie. Women of Photography: An Historical Survey. San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Modern Art, 1975.
Martin, I. W. “Women in Photography,” in Pictorial Photography in America. New York: Pictorial Photographers of America, 1929.
Mera, C. A. “Pastime Photography,” Godey's Lady’s Book (1897): 134.
Michaels, Barbara. “New Light on F. Holland Day’s Photography of African-Americans,” History of Photography 18:4 (1994): 334-47.
Middlestorb, F. Frances Benjamin Johnston: What a Woman Can Do with a Camera. Washington, DC: Library of Congress, 1984.
Mitchell, Margaretta K. Recollections: Ten Women of Photography. New York: Viking Press, 1979.
Moore, C. B. “Women Experts in Photography,” Cosmopolitan (1893).
Morrow, Delores J. “Female Photographers on the Frontier: Montana's Lady Photographic Artists, 1866-1900,” Montana (1982): 32.
Motz, Marilyn F. “Visual Autobiography: Photograph Albums of Turn-of-the-Century Midwestern Women,” American Quarterly (1989): 41.
Moutoussamy-Ashe, Jeanne. Viewfinders: Black Women Photographers. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1986.
Nederveen Pieterse, Jan. White on Black: Images of Africa and Blacks in Western Popular Culture. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992.
Nieman, Donald G., ed. African Americans and Education in the South, 1865-1900. New York: Garland Press, 1994.
Novotny, Ann. Alice's World: The Life and Photography of an American Original: Alice Austen, 1866-1952. Old Greenwich, Connecticut: The Chatham Press, 1976.
Official Illustrated Catalogue, Fine Arts Exhibit, United States of America, Paris Exposition of 1900. Boston: Noyes, Platt, 1900.
Orr, Gustavus J. The Education of the Negro; Its Rise, Progress and Present State. Atlanta: J. P. Harrison, 1880.
Palmquist, Peter E. A Bibliography of Writings by and about Women in Photography, 1850-1950. Arcata, CA: Palmquist, 1990.
---. “Books by and about Women Photographers,” AB Bookman’s Weekly (1 March 1993).
---. Camera Fiends and Kodak Girls: Fifty Selections by and about Women in Photography, 1840-1930. New York: Midmarch Arts, 1989.
---. Camera Fiends and Kodak Girls II: Sixty Selections by and about Women in Photography, 1855-1965. New York: Midmarch Arts, 1995.
---. Photographers: A Sourcebook for Historical Research. Nevada City, CA: Carl Mutz, 2000.
---. “Pioneer Women Photographers in Nineteenth-Century California,” California History (spring 1992): 71.
---. Shadowcatchers: A Directory of Women in California Photography before 1901. Arcata, CA: Palmquist, 1990.
Palmquist, Peter E. and Gina Musso. Women Photographers: A Selection of Images from the Women in Photography International Archive, 1852-1997. Kneeland, CA: Iaqua Press, 1997.
Palmquist, Peter E. and Gina Musso, eds. Behind the Redwood Curtain: Women Photographers of Humboldt County, California. Arcata, CA: Women in Photography International Archive, 1999.
Patterson, Vivian, ed. Carrie Mae Weems: The Hampton Project. New York: Apeture, 2000.
Peabody, Francis Greenwood. Education for Life: The Story of Hampton Institute, Told in Connection with the Fiftieth Anniversary of the Foundation of the School. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1918.
Peterson, Ann E. “Frances Benjamin Johnston: Crusader with a Camera,” Historic Preservation 32.1 (1980): 17-20.
Przyblyski, Jeannene M. “American Visions at the Paris Exposition, 1900: Another Look at Frances Benjamin Johnston’s Hampton Photographs,” Art Journal 57.3 (fall 1998): 60-68.
Quitslund, Toby. Women Artists in Washington Collections, by Josephine Withers: Her Feminine Colleagues, Photographs, and Letters Collected by Frances Benjamin Johnston in 1900. College Park, MD: University of Maryland Art Gallery, 1979.
Rayne, Martha Louise. “Women as Photographers.” In What Can a Woman Do, or Her Position in the Business and Literary World. Petersburgh, New York: Eagle, 1893.
Reed, Christopher Robert. All the World is Here! The Black Presence at the White City. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2000.
Rivera, S. and Hurwitx, M. Women—Where are They in the History of Photography?. New York: Arts and Artists, 1984.
Root, N. J. “Portraits of Tuskegee,” Natural History (February 1997).
Rosenblum, Naomi. A History of Women Photographers. Paris: Abbeville Press, 1994.
---. “Women in Photography: An Historical Overview,” Exposure (1986): 24.
Sandler, Martin W. Women Against the Odds: Pioneers in American Photography. New York: Henry Holt, 1999.
Sandweiss, Martha A., ed. Photography in Nineteenth-Century America. Fort Worth, TX: Amon Carter Museum, 1991.
Schall, Keith L., ed. Stony the Road: Chapters in the History of the Hampton Institute. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1977.
Shaw, Albert. “Learning by Doing at Hampton,” American Monthly Review of Reviews (April 1900): 417-32.
Sills, Leslie. In Real Life: Six Women Photographers. New York: Holiday House, 2000.
Skeel, Adelaide. My Three-Legged Story Teller. Philadelphia: R. C. Hartranft, 1892.
Slater, S. E. “Profitable Industries for Women—Photography,” New Idea Woman'sMagazine (1904): 10.
Smith, H. “Photography and Cycling.” In The Camera, Bikes, and Bloomers, ed. B. L. Ricca. Tempe, AZ: School of Art, Arizona State University, 1983.
The Southern Workman. Hampton, VA: Hampton Institute, 1878-1939.
“Speaking of Pictures…These are by a U. S. ‘Court Photographer,’” Life (25 April 1949).
Stange, Maren. Symbols of Ideal Life: Social Documentary Photography in America, 1890-1950. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989.
Stetson, G. The Problem with Negro Education. Boston: n.s., 1884.
Stevens, F. “The Camera and Its Devotees,” Home-Maker (1891): 6.
Stieglitz, Alfred, editor and publisher. Camera Work [all issues], 1903-1917.
“Successful Photography for Women,” Wilson's Photographic Magazine (1913): 50.
Sullivan, Constance, ed. Women Photographers. New York: Abrams, 1990.
Trachtenberg, Alan. Reading American Photographs: Images as History, Mathew Brady to Walker Evans. New York: Hill and Wang, 1989.
Tagg, John. The Burden of Representation: Essays on Photographers and Histories. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1988.
Tucker, Anne, ed. The Woman's Eye. New York: Knopf, 1973.
Waller, Susan. Women Artists in the Modern Era: A Documentary History. Metuchen, NJ: Scarecrow Press, 1991.
Washburne, M. F. “A New Profession for Women,” Godey's Lady’s Book (1897): 134.
Washington, Booker T., ed. Tuskegee and Its People: Their Ideals and Achievements. New York: D. Appleton, 1905.
---. Working with the Hands. New York: Doubleday, Page, 1904.
Watkins, William Henry. The White Architects of Black Education: Ideology and Power in America, 1865-1954. New York: Teacher’s College Press, 2001.
Watts, Jennifer A. “Frances Benjamin Johnston: The Huntington Library Portrait Collection,” History of Photography 19.3 (fall 1995): 252-62.
Westcott, E. The New Illustrated Education. Richmond, VA: B. F. Johnston, 1900.
Wexler, Laura. Tender Violence: Domestic Visions in an Age of U. S. Imperialism. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Wieder, Alan. Race and Education: Narrative Essays, Oral Histories, and Documentary Photography. New York: Peter Lang, 1997.
Willard, Frances Elizabeth. “Women as Photographers.” In Occupations for Women: A Book of Practical Suggestions, for the Material Advancement, the Mental and Physical Development, and the Moral and Spiritual Uplift of Women. New York: Success Company, 1897.
Wills, Deborah. The Black Female Body: A Photographic History. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2002.
---. Early Black Photographers, 1840-1940: 23 Postcards. New York: New Press, 1992.
---. Picturing Us: African-American Identity in Photography. New York: New Press, 1994.
---. Reflections in Black: a History of Black Photographers, 1840 to the Present. New York: W. W. Norton, 2000.
Withington, Elizabeth W. “How a Woman Makes Landscape Photographs,” Philadelphia Photographer (1876): 13.
“Women in Photography,” Photo Era: The American Journal of Photography (1906): 17.
Women of Photography: An Historical Survey. San Francisco: San Francisco Museum of Art, 1975.
Women Seeing Women: A Pictorial History of Women’s Photography from Julia Margaret Cameron to Annie Liebovit. New York: Norton, 2003.
Yochelson, Bonnie and Kathleen A. Erwin. Pictorialism into Modernism: The Clarence H. White School of Photography. New York: Rizzoli, 1996.